The modern fire environment requires fire flows that can rapidly, safely, and efficiently knock down interior fires. Unfortunately, many departments still utilize conjecture-based fire attack strategies and tactics built on a misunderstanding and misapplication of mid-20th century research. It is vital that firefighters understand the direct impact their chosen fire streams and nozzle techniques have on the outcome of an operation. Attendees will learn nozzle design history, previous research/attack methodology, modern fire behavior, nozzle/stream selection criteria, and water application tactics to combat increased threats on the fireground.